Temporal shifts in butterfy diversity : responses to natural and anthropic forest transitions.

Abstract

Butterfy species often synchronize their life cycles to seasonality, as increasing temperature and rainfall act as clues of resource availability. Nevertheless, human-made forest edges cause major changes in the microclimatic conditions that may jeopardize the synchrony between insects and favorable conditions for their emergence, conversely to natural ecotones. Here, the distribution of fruit-feeding butterfies was studied over one year in three diferent habitats (forest interior, forest ecotone, forest edge) to examine if: (i) species richness and abundance varies among habitats and subfamily/tribe over the year; (ii) temperature and rainfall afect the abundance and temporal distribution of species richness; and (iii) the beta diversity and its monthly partition are similar among habitats. The present study was carried out in the Rio Doce State Park, Brazil, a 36,000 ha forest reserve. In total, 11,594 individuals representing 98 butterfy species were collected. The butterfies presented a nonuniform distribution of abundance in all habitats, with greater abundance, richness and species diversity during the wet season. Butterfy abundance increased with high temperatures in all habitats. The contribution of species turnover and nestedness varied over the months, overlapping with the seasonal changes. Understanding how rates of species turnover vary over time in diferent habitats can help explain the vulnerability of species to environmental changes, allowing comparison of assemblages over time